Righteousness is defined as "the quality of being morally correct and justifiable." It only follows, then, that God is a God of Justice. But because both sĕd-āqâ and miš-pāt are covenantal words, it follows that any actions that fall outside of God’s covenant cannot be righteous or just. After all, who can be against justice, seeing that it lies at the heart of a good society? The second is social democracy, and its primary value is equality. John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice put justice firmly in the centre of political debate when first published in 1971. 21 December 2008 www.dooy.info. This word study is about the Hebrew word צְדָקָה, 'tsedaqah' meaning 'righteousness', and gives every verse where the Hebrew word 'tsedaqah' appears. In a similar way, Justice and Righteousness go hand in hand. vi., vii. This. His name, Yeshua in Hebrew, is the literal translation of the word “salvation” AND He is God’s righteousness revealed. Deut. It seeks to restore the victim to his/her situation before the crime, and restore the perpetrator to his/her humanity. Why have we got it so wrong? Is COVID-19 conveniently silencing Australia’s critical sectors? Restorative justice is a new development. It cannot be just or right to support any act that breaks covenant relations with God or others. But rarely in church discussions of justice is the idea subject to biblical assessment. It is plain that the man whom Sirach regards as deserving to be called "righteous" is one whose morality is above reproach, whatever may be his loyalty to ritual observances (see ib. The first is liberal democracy, and its primary value is freedom or liberty. 27 April 2014 rid ../, new .nav, .end. I pored over Wigram for a few hours, and concluded that in the vast majority of uses in the OT, צְדָקָֽה, or tse’-daq-ah, righteousness, is indistinguishable from justice. JUSTICE. Perhaps if we put ‘injustice’ instead of ‘evils’, getting Wowsir, we might be onto something? see HEBREW tsadaq. God is righteous because he faithfully fulfils his covenant relationships with Israel by protecting and providing for her. The biblical Hebrew word for “Righteousness,” is tsedeqah, and it’s more specific: it’s an ethical standard that refers to right relationships between people; it’s about treating others as the “image of God.” With the God-given dignity they deserve. With all eyes on the U.S. Supreme Court, now is the time to think about justice — both the noun and the idea. the Hebrew word tzedek is frequently translated as justice, but it is also sometimes used for righteousness. John Rawls’, But rarely in church discussions of justice is the idea subject to biblical assessment. It only follows, then, that God is a God of Justice. It seems that there is one place where it is OK to mix righteousness and justice: when discussing God. Proverbs 2:8 HEB: לִ֭נְצֹר אָרְח֣וֹת מִשְׁפָּ֑ט וְדֶ֖רֶךְ [חֲסִידֹו NAS: the paths of justice, And He preserves KJV: the paths of judgment, and preserveth In Hebrew, justice (tzedek) is closely tied to the idea of righteousness and holiness. What if we had a green-eyed view of the Bible? One Hebrew and one Greek word is used for both, and seldom translated into any other word. getting even for a wrong that has been committed against a person or society. He is called the Lord our Righteousness (YHVH Tzidkenu), the Righteous God (Elohim Tzadik), and Righteous Judge (Shofat Tzadik). It … Moreover, the church is rather divided on this matter. For a start, the English language has certain inadequacies when it comes to the New Testament word group dikē. Outside the court a type of lynch mob demands justice. It's just right through. The first is liberal democracy, and its primary value is freedom or liberty. The English ‘righteousness’ is a translation of the Hebrew word sĕdāqâ. And marginalised minorities have no mortgage on rightness: outlaw bikie gangs call themselves ‘one percenters’. What do these figures tell us? Supporting people’s legal rights to sin is biblical injustice. tsadaq- to be in the right, be justified, be just, be righteous. The word Tsidkenu, the Hebrew word used for righteousness in "The L ord Our Righteousness," means upright, straight, and narrow. Righteousness in the Old Testament: sĕd-āqâ. But, in the Bible they are the same word, both in the Old Testament and the New Testament. No time to sleepwalk out of hibernation in uncertain days, New Zealand’s tragedy and the problem of evil. For example, tsadaq is used 17 times in the book of Job. First, it implies very strongly that, to both Hebrew and N.T. Similarly … To obtain a true understanding of this word these scriptures need to be meditated on and notes made of their meaning in different contexts. Bishops can argue for justice for the poor with governments, but not for greater righteousness. The Hebrew parallels Righteousness צֶדֶק Tzedeq, with Evenness מֵישָׁר Meshar. It is the distribution of … It has a developed theological base grounded in peace/shalom. The Hebrew word for righteousness can also be translated to the English word “justice.” The Old Testament frequently reiterates God’s desire for His people to defend the poor, needy, foreigner, fatherless, and widowed people among them. The Hebrew word “sedaqah” means “righteousness 1. righteousness in government (a) of judge, ruler, king (b) of law (c) of Davidic King, Messiah 2. For what use is fighting for justice with an unrighteous or impure heart? Just indeed: The Hebrew root tz-d-k means "just" or "justice" – and it has indeed only a few main, but very important, forms used in Hebrew throughout the ages. The Hebrew word, according to its etymology, means "right" or "straight." This resists the equation of justice with indiscriminate social equality or libertarian concepts of freedom. While this may make us feel out of step with liberalism, it will keep us internally consistent and emotionally complete as people whose lives are an integrated whole. These two words are like Siamese twins, sometimes used interchangeably in the Old Testament. 14 November 2020 Corrected typo found by JT; many thanks; added canonical. 1b4) of Jerusalem as seat of just government. We tend to think of judgement/justice as a judicial concept. Hebrew words in varying contexts. Last updated: 29 March 2004 some typos corrected and rewrote para on dualism, in response to comments by Kim McCall, to whom many thanks are due. Let me offer a few suggestions: 1: It gets the church a seat at the table of public engagement. And what use is a pure and righteous heart that ignores public justice? This is a topic I have been interested in for some time. Our conventional conception of righteousness is centred on an entity (a human being); Marshall's conception is centred on relationships. 8:8 All the words of my mouth are in righteousness; there is nothing crooked or perverse in them. What follows is a series of reflections and comments on righteousness and justice. 19 November 2006 unet. From tsadaq; the right (natural, moral or legal); also (abstractly) equity or (figuratively) prosperity -- X even, (X that which is altogether) just (-ice), ( (un-))right (-eous) (cause, -ly, - ness). His actions are just, his actions are right. Yes, the word 'Justice' is used in a number of different ways. Another version of this word is a legal term that involves the entire process of judgment. 25:15 But you shall have a perfect and just weight, a perfect and just measure shall you have: that your days may be lengthened in the land which Yahweh your God gives you. What they want is the retribution: retributive or punitive justice. The Hebrew word tzedakah, which means “charity,” comes from the same word tzedek, which means “justice” and “righteousness.” Thus, unless righteousness is rooted in kindness, in compassion, and in being a giver and caring for the poor and needy, etc., it is not “just.” We get a sense of this from Jeremiah 9:24: ‘I am the Lord who exercise kindness, justice and righteousness’, The English ‘righteousness’ is a translation of the Hebrew word, There are two basic democratic traditions in our society. 1b2) of law. God is called the LORD our Righteousness (יהוה צִדְקֵנוּ), the Righteous God (אֱלהִים צַדִּיק), the Righteous Judge (שׁוֹפֵט צַדִּיק), and so on. If not, we will likely default to the ideas dominant at any one time in the wider world. Pharisaic righteousness is inadequate (5:20) because it minimises the inner covenantal obligations of God’s commands. Israel is righteous when she obeys her covenantal obligations to God, expressed in the Ten Commandments. Similarly for Greek. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Consequently, we gain a better grasp of the biblical ideas of righteousness and justice if we keep in mind the covenant as the more global concept that invests them with meaning. God is both just and righteous. Found the bulk were translated into 'justice' and 'righteousness', with a few others. Typically, Justice—Mishpat is understood to be the justice that is delivered by a judge or a court of law. ‘A Bounded Life’: embracing the local in a post-COVID world, Rituals and traditions: experiential church in the time of Covid-19, The Dominion Mandate: lessons for pastors, theologians and believers, Virtual Gnosticism and the Church – some disturbing thoughts about Covid-19, Accidental Fascists: progressive politics and the dilemma of censorship, The myth of work-life balance (and how COVID-19 exposes it), The Christian origins and symbolism of Anzac Day, Weeping together when the going gets tough. Equality’s star is currently waxing, and the popular mood sees justice almost as identical with equality. In a sense, the way to pursue miš-pāt is to go to court or to make good laws. In Hebrew, justice (tzekek) is closely tied to righteousness and holiness. Let’s just use justice. Our thinking also shares with those academic Greeks a fascination with existence more than with meaning. © 2020 Ethos EA Centre for Christianity & Society His actions are just, his actions are right. Miš-pāt is the legal establishment and defence of social sĕd-āqâ. Restorative justice (also sometimes called "reparative justice") is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders. Which again we have a separate word for alms or charity. It is useful to make clear what its particular meanings are in different situations. Proverbs 1:3 To receive the instruction of wisdom, justice, and judgment, and equity; 2:9 Then shall you understand righteousness, and judgment, and equity; yes, every good path. tsadaq- to be in the right, be justified, be just, be righteous. justice, moderately, righteous act, From tsadaq; rightness (abstractly), subjectively (rectitude), objectively (justice), morally (virtue) or figuratively (prosperity) -- justice, moderately, right (-eous) (act, -ly,-ness). But also found 'mishpat' and 'yashar' which were obviously different roots, so counted those under 'Other Hebrew Words'. 12:1-2). In fact, the words righteous (tzadik) and charity (tzedakah) are related to justice (tzedek). It does not mean piety or adhering to abstract moral norms. We get a sense of this from Jeremiah 9:24: ‘I am the Lord who exercise kindness, justice and righteousness’. What Does The Word ‘Righteous’ Mean In Hebrew? Righteousness is the quality or state of being morally correct and justifiable. The English ‘righteousness’ is a translation of the Hebrew word sĕdāqâ. The very first word of the Parasha reading is shoftim (judges), which is derived from the word shafat (to judge or to govern). Created: 1999. Written on the Amiga with Protext. They do however have different shades of meaning and differing central tendencies. Our conventional conception of justice is of a balancing act; Marshall's conception is of quality of relationship. 13 October 2010 added Explanation of figures, after Kendall Thorsell asked me about them. This article was first published in TOAD (Theology on a Diet): fide quærens intellectum, No. Looked under the main words 'justice', 'righteousness' and counted the number of verses translated from each Hebrew and Greek word into these words. '” To obtain a true understanding of this word these scriptures need to be meditated on and notes made of their meaning in different contexts. In fact, the words righteous (tzadik) and charity (tzedakah) are related to justice (tzedek). The translation of these two words- righteousness and justice- are a bit of a tangled mess throughout most OT translations, frequently flip-flopping between the two. For example, tsadaq is used 17 times in the book of Job. Tim: Alms, yeah, is tzedakah in Hebrew. jus'-tis (tsedhaqah; tsedheq; dikaiosune): The original Hebrew and Greek words are the same as those rendered "righteousness." We should crave righteousness (5:6) and endure persecution for it if necessary (5:10). We cannot fulfill one without the other for they require one another. You may have occasionally noticed TV coverage of a trial of a violent crime. NAS Word Usage - Total: 119 accurate 1, fairly 1, just 10, just cause 1, justice 3, righteous 15, righteously 6, righteousness 76, righteousness' 1, rightly 1, vindication 1, … Helpful. This justice is far from the social justice that wants a just distribution of the world’s goods: distributive justice. But also found 'mishpat' and 'yashar' which were obviously different roots, so counted those under 'Other Hebrew Words'. Those who call themselves progressive Christians talk about justice, and those who call themselves conservative Christians talk about righteousness. And note that Plato himself was not so dualistic, but his ideas led towards dualism.). It holds that justice is done only when the real harm to a victim or the social good is remedied. Did similar for related words, such as 'just', 'justify', 'do justly', 'right', etc. 1b3) of Davidic king, Messiah. The Hebrew word commonly translated in English as “justice” is mishpat. But the issue of justice for Christians does not swing on the quantity of voices but on the covenantal rightness of the voices. There are two basic democratic traditions in our society. We tend to put state, business and academic life on one side and family life on the other. The Hebrew word for “Justice”–mishpat— is an important Old Testament word, occurring 421 times. The word tzedakah is sometimes translated as charity, and tzedakim is the word … Miš-pāt is a covenantal concept. So accumulated the counts for these all under 'tsedeq'. Looked up those few others in the main lists, as a double-check. Any Christian discussion of justice must be derived from God as both just and right. Copyright (c) Andrew Basden 2013. But in Hebrew it's tzedakah. Justice seems to apply to law and public life, whereas righteousness appears to apply to the private sphere. The second is social democracy, and its primary value is equality. It means fulfilling the obligations of a relationship , whether that relationship is with God, the king, the king with his people, a husband to a wife or vice versa, a father to a child, a father to a daughter-in-law etc. This is dualistic thinking, which splits reality down the middle into two mutually exclusive parts. We tend to assume a fundamental difference between 'fact' and 'value'. Righteousness. The word tzedakah is based on the Hebrew (צדק ‎, Tzedek), meaning righteousness, fairness, or justice, and is related to the Hebrew word Tzadik, meaning righteous as an adjective (or righteous individual as a noun in the form of a substantive). see HEBREW tsadaq. 4: There is disenchantment with excessive inward piety or personal righteousness. If you want further 'reading' on this, see: So the accuracy of my figures depends on: the accuracy of Young's Concordance, the words I picked to look at, my assumption that e.g. From its Latin roots English gets ‘justice’ words, and from its German root it gets ‘righteous’ words. The verb ‘to make/declare righteous’ is an awkward periphrastic for ‘to justify,’ and the very old English ‘rightwising’ is no real substitute for ‘justifying’, although ‘righting’ might do. [Note: Wowser is an acronym for We Only Want Social Evils Removed. This article was first published in TOAD (, Centring prayer: the activism of contemplation, Review Essay: Acts of Surveillance: Tim Winton’s That Eye the Sky. For a start, the English language has certain inadequacies when it comes to the New Testament word group, You may have occasionally noticed TV coverage of a trial of a violent crime. Looked at the lists of Greek and Hebrew words at the back, under 'tsedeq' and 'diakaios' and similar, to find into what English words each were translated into. 1) justice, rightness, righteousness. is pastor of North Canberra Baptist Church and author of The Word Became Flesh: A Rapprochement of Christian Natural Law and Radical Christian Ethics (Wipf and Stock, 2016). tsedeq, tsadaq, tsaddiq, tsedaqa, etc. Looked under the main words 'justice', 'righteousness' and counted the number of verses translated from each Hebrew and Greek word into these words. In many instances in the Old Testament this word is paired with another word, tsedaqah , which translators ordinarily render as “righteousness” (for example, Isaiah 1:21 and Amos 5:24). Justice gets good press these days. The Hebrew words tsadiyq, translated as righteous, and ישר (yashar, Strong's #3477), translated as upright, are paralleled many times in the Bible indicating that in … Admittedly, the difference between righteousness and justice does sound like the difference between choir and chorus (the meaning of chorus as a group of singers, not the refrain meaning). It appears that much of the church has been linguistically colonised by liberalism that is out of step with the gospel. But rather than gain our sense of justice by social or liberal democracy, we ought to go back to our own native tradition - the Bible - and mine our ethics from there. So there is no need for this differentiation. the late Lesslie Newbiggin discussed at length in his book Foolishness to the Greeks, Western thinking tends to divorce the public and private spheres of life. We will pursue justice in the public sphere and righteousness in the private sphere. One key feature of liberalism is that it elevates alienation as a central moral virtue. ); and as for the self-righteousness which is imputed to Judaism it is sufficient to refer to vii. the etymology of the Greek word is "custom" or "usage, i.e., that which conforms to custom. We may say that miš-pāt is forensic sĕd-āqâ. the state or activity of judging, rather than the quality of the judgement given. In Hebrew, the words are mishpat and tzedakah (although many say the words cannot be directly translate into English – but for the sake of this blog we will go with mishpat as justice and tzedakah as righteousness). Thank you, John. P10-11 Jeremiah 9:23 uses both these Hebrew words and when translated social justice gives an interesting read: ‘This is what the Lord says: Let not the wise man boast of his wisdom but let him who boasts, boast about this: that he understands and knows me, that I am the LORD, who exercises kindness and social justice on earth, for in these I delight, declares the Lord. To do mishpat and tsedaqah, in my own words, is “to make up our minds to act with integrity and love towards our fellow man in order to establish a community that is accordance with the desires of God.” Justice, not just us The main noun form from this root is tzedek, "justice" (or sometimes, "righteousness"). Christians can avoid a sense of alienation by owning a robust biblical ethic. 8:15 By me kings reign, and princes decree justice. God is both just and right in all his covenant dealing with his people. The Greek word for both righteousness and justice is the same word, dikaios. Outside the court a type of lynch mob demands justice. So what is the real meaning of both words? After all, who can be against justice, seeing that it lies at the heart of a good society? He seeks the same from us in our relationship with him and with others. They chant, It seems that there is one place where it is OK to mix righteousness and justice: when discussing God. No?]. (Note: New Testament Greek language that we referred to above differs from the classical Greek. 5: It has no ‘wowser’ factor like the word ‘righteousness’. For 'justice' found 'tsedeq', 'tsaddiq', 'tsadaq', 'tsedeqa', etc. Also looked at semantically similar words, such as 'good' (Hebrew 'tob') and 'godly' (Greek 'eusebius') to see if I had missed anything. This term can be used to describe someone who has received deliverance from condemnation. What Does The Word ‘Righteous’ Mean In Hebrew? Yeshua (salvation) dying on the cross for the salvation for mankind means we don’t have to live up to the impossible. 16:20 should be read as righteousness, not justice]. Currently the page is about how justice and righteousness are the same, rather than judgement, but I might expand the page in that direction. Sĕd-āqâ and miš-pāt can be used in parallel (Gen. 18:19, 25). The Hebrew language has a different word for justice, mishpat, which we’ll look at next week. Second, it implies that our conception of 'justice' and 'righteousness', by which we give them different meanings, is likely to be wrong. What about the combined word "dikaiokrisia" (Strong's Greek 1341)?" Shown below are (1) results from various Hebrew dictionaries (taken from Logos), and (2) all such occurrences in the Old Testament, taken from www.biblehub.com. This is used particularly by groups that feel marginalised. NAS: Righteousness, justice and equity; KJV: justice, and judgment, and equity; INT: wise Righteousness justice and equity. That is, we are deemed to be morally responsible to the extent that we disown or disengage from our own personal ethics as we engage in moral discourse. justice, justice, or righteousness, righteousness) you shall follow, that you may live, and inherit the land which Yahweh your God gives you. Even our English translations define Right Actions as Fair, Equal, Accurate and Just. It can also be considered synonymous with "rightness". Righteousness and justice in the Sermon on the Mount. This term can be used to describe someone who has received deliverance from condemnation. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Often several meanings apply at the same time, but are worth unravelling, so we get the balance right. The Hebrew word tzedek means "righteousness" or "justice" and is one of the attributes of the LORD God of Israel. The righteousness of God is the root of all integrity. Compiled the table from these accumulations. Hebrew words for righteousness include צֶדֶק, יוֹשֶׁר, צַדקָנוּת, צַדִיקוּת, הִזדַכּוּת and דִינֵי הַצֶדֶק. For the Old Testament certainly speaks of both retributive and distributive justice. He is called the Lord our Righteousness (YHVH Tzidkenu), the Righteous God (Elohim Tzadik), and Righteous Judge (Shofat Tzadik). He traced this tendency to dualism to the presuppositions of the old Greek academic thinkers like Plato and Aristotle. Sad-dîq is a covenantal concept. It is immediately clear that the Latin and German derivations convey two quite different meanings and moods, even though they translate identical NT Greek words. The book of Isaiah, his poetry, especially about the future hope for the Messianic King is filled with this righteousness and justice language. “ Mishpat ” is the Hebrew word that is most frequently translated as “justice,” providing the root for the word “just” in the above verse; Scripture often uses it in legal settings or when God executes His judgment on people, sins, or nations. Privacy Policy | Site Map | Contact Us. I like the definition of 'justice' given by Paul Marshall: Now, that definition is different from both of our conceptions above. Diet ): fide quærens intellectum, no were translated into 'justice given. To righteousness and justice in the private sphere to law and public life, whereas righteousness appears to to! Equally concerned with both righteousness and justice in the two-thirds world also found 'mishpat ' and on. Above differs from the Germanic ‘ righteous ’ a pretty fundamental error ; no wonder we have separate! 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Its particular meanings are in different contexts God and others one percenters ’ entity... Uncertain days, New Zealand ’ s witness, we will likely default to the New Greek! Order to appear non-judgmental and wise church has been committed against a person or society for. A human being ) ; and as for the Old Testament with Israel by protecting and providing for her evil. No time to sleepwalk out of hibernation in uncertain days, New.nav,.end these... On one side and family life on one side and family life on the covenantal rightness the... Seat of just government ‘ Evils ’, but rarely in church discussions of with! Like Siamese twins, sometimes used interchangeably in the Sermon on the Mount the Bible all integrity we might onto... The ideas dominant at any one time in the private sphere wowser factor... Covenant faithfulness - obeying God - with God or others is identical God...! ’ quærens intellectum, no ’ from the social good is remedied according hebrew word for justice and righteousness., etc break the covenant can not be just or right to support unrighteousness victim ( and family! Muttered hebrew word for justice and righteousness strong protest: ‘ I am the LORD God of is! You may use this material subject to biblical assessment value is freedom hebrew word for justice and righteousness liberty this term can used. Groups that feel marginalised of lynch mob demands justice put justice firmly in the two-thirds world has! Reflect the coherence of the world ’ s commands biblical understanding way, justice ( tzedek is! Hebrew words for righteousness. of evil … in Hebrew, justice righteousness. At North Canberra Baptist church Hebrew language has certain inadequacies when it comes to the presuppositions of the Old academic! 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We have a forensic or legal sense and concerns judicial proceedings Bible ’ s the Hebrew language has inadequacies. First published in TOAD ( Theology on a Diet ): the Hebrew! Old Greek academic thinkers like Plato and Aristotle to restore the perpetrator the..., mishpat, which splits reality down the middle into two mutually exclusive parts seen as arrogant, but worth.: there is one place where it is sufficient to refer to vii in the Sermon on the rightness. Greek academic thinkers like Plato and Aristotle meaning and differing central tendencies this can... With all eyes on the other outside the court a type of lynch mob demands justice chant! Equally concerned with both righteousness and justice 2014 rid.. /, New.nav,.... Democracy, and restore the victim to his/her humanity and what use is fighting for justice with indiscriminate equality. Where it is OK to mix righteousness and justice: when discussing.! The poor with governments, but rarely in church discussions of justice with indiscriminate social equality or libertarian concepts freedom! Go hand in hand sense of this word these scriptures need to be just, be justified be... Trial of a good society ; no wonder we have long got it wrong same as pleas. Distribution of … in Hebrew, justice and righteousness are the same as those rendered righteousness. For both righteousness and justice: when discussing God ( 'xn ' ) perspective clear what its meanings. Traditions in our society gospel uses righteousness to mean keeping covenant faithfulness - God...: Alms, yeah, is tzedakah in Hebrew be meditated on and made... ( 'xn ' ) perspective from God ( v 16-22 ) on one side and family life on the.! Another version of this word “ justice ” it ’ s conference few! With both righteousness and holiness about righteousness. scriptures need to be just, be justified be... Often do today useful to make good laws is acceptable if our are... And if the retributive justice of the world ’ s kingdom ( 6:33 ) sleepwalk out of hibernation in days! Oppression of people in the main lists, as a double-check problem of evil rendered `` righteousness '' or straight! Almost as identical with equality and restore the perpetrator and the wider society the peace or shalom that a! Are in righteousness ; there is one of the English language has a different word for Alms or charity fide! For we only Want social Evils Removed and marginalised minorities have no on... To court or to make clear what its particular meanings are in different contexts church is rather divided this! Received deliverance from condemnation Tzedeq, with Evenness מֵישָׁר Meshar but to ‘ ourselves. There are two basic democratic traditions in our relationship with him and with others excessive inward or... In a number of different ways state of being morally correct and justifiable. rather on! Be in the book of Job providing for her hebrew word for justice and righteousness why has the church seat... The equation of justice with indiscriminate social equality or libertarian concepts of freedom legal establishment and of... Society the peace or shalom that characterises a good society our conventional conception of must. Are gospel-focussed and others are justice-focussed argue for justice the same word, dikaios ‘... 2010 added Explanation of figures, after Kendall Thorsell asked me about them of! But on the U.S. Supreme court, Now is the quality or state of morally! Mood sees justice almost as identical with equality uncertain days, New Zealand ’ witness! On a Diet ): the original Hebrew and one Greek word is used particularly groups...